A quote based on class today:

"When goods do not cross borders, soldiers will."
--Frederic Bastiat

HOW TO STUDY FOR THIS EXAM:

Obviously, these are just suggestions, methods I have seen students employ to put themselves on paths toward success on this exam:

1. Separate your thinking on the studying into two realms, the essay and the terms, but be willing to link up the two later. Too many students learn tons of info for the terms and then fail to include that same detail in the essay.

2. For the terms, write out each with bullets. Even though you cannot use bullets on the exam, it’s easier to see the information in that form during your studying. There’s much more success when people write out each term and its details rather than simply highlighting your notes.

3. Make outlines for the essays. Make sure that your outlines have way too much detail, way more than any normal human could ever remember.

4. Try to memorize the outlines. Try to write them word for word without looking at the original. Fill in the gaps where you did not recall something. Do it again. Walk around your study area speaking the outline, looking down only when you need to for a quick reminder of the detail. Speak it again. Write it again…and most of all, have fun.

5. Come ask for help. I will help.

6. Follow Napoleon’s advice: “In planning a campaign I purposely exaggerate all the dangers and all the calamities that the circumstances make possible.”

Midterm Examination Study Guide

TEST DATE: Wednesday, 10/21
YOU MUST BRING A BLUE BOOK FOR THIS TEST!

I. Identifications: 50% (You answer 5 out of 6)

These are terms that are of particular relevance to the historical period
we have covered. You must identify as completely as possible in a single paragraph (who what when where) and give the significance of the term.

KEY TERMS LIST:
Continental System
Civic Code of Napoleon
Battle of Waterloo
Congress of Vienna
Decembrist Revolt
Volk
Estates General
The Bastille
Louis XIV (14th)
Louis XVI (16th)
Marie Antoinette
"L'etat C'est Moi”
Representation of the People Act
Otto von Bismarck
Catherine the Great
The Sadler Committee
Crystal Palace
Factory Act of 1833
Salon Movement
Oath of the Tennis Court
Max. Robespierre
The Great Fear
Thermidorean Reaction
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Reign of Terror

II. Essay: 50% (You answer 1 of 2)
There will be two essay questions. You will choose one and write a thorough and
detailed essay. The essay topics will come from the following areas:

1. Candide: Think about how this book represents the period of the Ancien Regime. Link it, the way we did in discussion, to the historical themes of the time.

2. Origins and outcome of the French Revolution
With this one, focus on the principle material and ideological causes from lecture and readings, the significance of the French Revolution in sculpting Modern Europe.

3. The rise and fall of Napoleon. Did his leadership of France betray the ideals of the French Revolution or fulfill them?

4. Otto von Bismarck and the unification of Germany. How did Bismarck represent a new type of nationalism?

A Scene from the Battle of Trafalgar...look like fun?

What have these to do with Napoleon?

One is the Royal Military Canal, and the other is a Martello Tower, both on the Southern Coast of England.

Excerpt from Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Communist Manifesto 1848

THE BOURGEOISIE AND PROLETARIANS






The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost every where a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with clash antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.. . .
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed-- a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves piece-meal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.
Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases,in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of the machinery, etc.
Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.
But with the development of industry the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalized, in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes. There upon the workers begin to form combinations (Trades Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and there the contest breaks out into riots.
Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever-expanding union of the workers. This union is helped on by the improved means of communication that are created by modern industry and that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another. It was just this contact that was needed to centralize the numerous local struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle between classes. But every class struggle is a political struggle. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years.
This organization of the proletarians into a class, and consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. . . .
Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois. The modern laborer, on the contrary, instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth. And here it becomes evident, that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society as an over-riding law. It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society.
The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capitalist wage-labour. Wage-labour rests exclusively on competition between the laborers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by their revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.
FROM CONCLUSION
But they never cease, for a single instant, to instill into the working class the clearest possible recognition of the hostile antagonism between bourgeoisie and proletariat, in order that the German workers may straightway use, as so many weapons against the bourgeoisie, the social and political conditions that the bourgeoisie must necessarily introduce along with its supremacy, and in order that, after the fall of the reactionary classes in Germany, the fight against the bourgeoisie itself may immediately begin.
The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany, because that country is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that is bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions of European civilization and with a much more developed proletariat than that of England was in the seventeenth, and France in the eighteenth century, and because the bourgeois revolution in Germany will be but the prelude to an immediately following proletarian revolution.
In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things.
In all these movements, they bring to the front, as the leading question in each, the property question, no matter what its degree of development at the time.
Finally, they labor everywhere for the union and agreement of the democratic parties of all countries.
The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.
Proletarians of all countries, unite!

TWO QUESTIONS DUE FRIDAY:
1. Find an example of how an argument in this manifesto is correct and accurate in today's world.
2. Find an example of how an argument in this manifesto is incorrect and inaccurate in today's world.

The Complete Napoleon Outline (minus pesky pictures)

The Taint of Hubris: Napoleon (1769-1821)

"Ambition is never content, even on the summit of greatness." (Napoleon)

Hegel’s Great Man Theory:
“They may be called Heroes,” says Hegel, “inasmuch as they have derived their purposes and their vocation, not from the calm, regular course of things, sanctioned by the existing order; but...from that inner Spirit, still hidden beneath the surface, which, impinging on the outer world as on a shell, bursts it in pieces, because it is another kernel than that which belonged to the shell in question.”

“They attained no calm enjoyment,” Hegel writes, “their whole life was labor and trouble; their whole nature was naught else but their master-passion. When their object is attained they fall off like empty hulls from the kernel.”

Josephine in 1808: "Why on Earth do you want to go on fighting battles?”

Napoleon: "Because I am a victim of history. I have no option."

Napoleon on the French Revolution:

“The Revolution is over; I am the Revolution.”

Napoleon on War:

“Retreats cost far more in men and materiel than the most bloody engagements, except that in a battle the enemy loses nearly as much as you, while in retreat the loss is all on your side.”

“In planning a campaign I purposely exaggerate all the dangers and all the calamities that the circumstances make possible.”

Napoleon on, hmmm, life, honor, death…

“Death is nothing, but to live defeated everyday is to die everyday.”

HERE’S A QUESTION FROM A PREVIOUS FINAL EXAM:
Is historical change inevitable or the result of leaders imposing their will upon the world? To answer this question, refer to at least FOUR of the following: Louis the 14th, Peter the Great, Robespierre, Napoleon, Bismarck, Kaiser Wilhelm II (WWI), Hitler, and/or Churchill.


I. Introduction and Early Life: 1769-1821

II. Political Life in Napoleonic France

“The Revolution is over; I am the Revolution.”

"I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution"


A. Civic Code

B. Merit in Promotion

C. Continental System

III. Napoleon's True Love:

Napoleon and Josephine

Letter to Josephine Dec. 29, 1795
I awake all filled with you. Your image and the intoxicating pleasures of last night, allow my senses no rest. Sweet and matchless Josephine, how strangely you work upon my heart. Are you angry with me? Are you unhappy? Are you upset? My soul is broken with grief and my love for you forbids repose. But how can I rest any more, when I yield to the feeling that masters my inmost self, when I quaff from your lips and from your heart a scorching flame? Yes! One night has taught me how far your portrait falls short of yourself! You start at midday: in three hours I shall see you again. Till then, a thousand kisses, mio dolce amor! but give me none back for they set my blood on fire.



--and then--
Napoleon and Marie Louise



Jean Louis Andre Theodore Gericault Baron Francois Pascal Simon Gerard Marie Louise Empress of France with Her son Napoleon II King of Rome (sound like 72 quarterings?)


IV. Napoleon's Real True Love: War

“Retreats cost far more in men and materiel than the most bloody engagements, except that in a battle the enemy loses nearly as much as you, while in retreat the loss is all on your side.”

“In planning a campaign I purposely exaggerate all the dangers and all the calamities that the circumstances make possible.”

A. Major Victories:
Italian Campaign (1796)
Egyptian Campaign (1798)
Napoleonic Wars

Soldier: “Napoleon has discovered a new way to make war; he makes us use our legs instead of our bayonets.”

B. Defeat:
"Battle" of Moscow: 1812-1814
(banishment to Elba)


Jakob Walter:
On the Grande Armee’s Problems:

“…often still living, the pig would be cut and torn to pieces. Several times I succeeded in cutting off something but I had to chew it and eat it uncooked since my hunger could not wait for the chance to boil the meat.”

“In order to obtain water for drinking and cooking, holes were dug into the swamps three feet deep in which the water was collected. The water was very warm, however, and was reddish-brown with million of little red worms so that it had to be bound in linen and sucked through with the mouth.”

Battle of Waterloo: 1815
Facing the Duke of Wellington
(Arthur Wellesley)

Napoleon on Waterloo:
“Ce sera l’affaire d’un dejeuner.”
(loosely translated, it’ll be over by lunch)

In the closing moments of the battle a cannon ball struck the Earl of Uxbridge as he rode with the Duke of Wellington. The Duke said “By God you’ve lost your leg.” The Earl said “By God, so I have.” The remains of the leg were amputated in a house nearby and the owner buried the leg in his garden where it was a place of interest for some years.



V. Exit Napoleon/Enter a New Europe
A. Congress of Vienna
Great Powers and their Representatives:
Russian Empire – Alexander I
Prussia – Prince Hardenburg
Great Britain – Viscount Castlereagh
Austria – Prince Clemens von Metternich
France – Prince Talleyrand


B. And the Subjects become Citizens/
Other Definitions of Europe
J.G. Herder "Die Volk"
Romanticism
Carbonari
"Decembrist Revolt"


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hYg_CED1cI
dr. jekyl transformation


Ernst Arndt: (1769-1860)
Was ist Deutschen Vaterland?
So weit die deutsche Zunge klingt
Und Gott im Himmel Lieder singt
Das sol les sein!
Das ganze Deutschland soll es sein.

What is the German’s Fatherland?
As far as the German tongue sounds
And God in Heaven sings songs
That is what it should be!
It should all of Germany!


Tyger ! Tyger ! (1794) by William Blake ( 1757-1827)


Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the night
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare seize thy fire?
And what shoulder, & what art,
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And why thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? & what dread feet?
What the hammer? what the chain?
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors grasp?
When the stars threw down their spears
And water'd heaven with their tears,
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?